OLED Nexus · Phase 2A reference
Scientific terms & evidence disclosure
Use consistent definitions and preserve source-access limits when moving between the six technology guides.
Editorial status: The six guides are scientific-owner-authorized educational publications, not externally peer-reviewed original research. This page is a public, high-level disclosure, not a full claim-by-claim source audit or a claim of independently verified Cloudflare uptime.
Factor boundaries come before efficiency comparisons
One illustrative accounting form is EQE = γ × η_exc × Φ_int,eff × η_out. Another guide may use different symbols (such as η_util and Φ_rad,eff) for corresponding stages. These products are only interpretable after the population boundary, internal radiative pathway and outcoupling convention have been defined. Factors may be dependent; multiplying independently fitted yields can double-count the same loss.
Measured device EQE, optically measured PLQY and a simulated outcoupling fraction are not three interchangeable observations. Consult the individual guide for the actual formulation, approximations and source attribution.
Shared glossary
- γ (charge-balance factor)
- An effective fraction describing charge balance/recombination under a specified EQE factorization. Its precise boundary must be declared rather than silently multiplied by another overlap factor.
- η_exc or η_util (exciton utilization)
- A model-dependent fraction of generated excitations contributing to the designated useful radiative pathway. Spin statistics alone do not fix its value in an arbitrary device.
- Φ_int,eff / Φ_rad,eff
- An effective internal radiative yield in the factorization being used. It is not automatically identical to the optically measured film PLQY.
- η_out (optical outcoupling)
- The portion of internally generated photons counted as emitted to the external measurement boundary; it depends on optical stack, angular distribution and collection assumptions.
- EQE (external quantum efficiency)
- Outward-emitted photons per injected electron, with the optical collection and calibration boundary specified. Illustrative EQE products are conditional factorizations, not independent universal constants.
- PLQY (photoluminescence quantum yield)
- Emitted photons per absorbed optical excitation under a specified film, environment, excitation and collection protocol; not directly an OLED EQE.
- PL vs EL FWHM
- Photoluminescence and electroluminescence line widths measure different excitation contexts. State wavelength/energy domain, spectral calibration and operating conditions before comparing widths.
- k_RISC and delayed lifetime
- Reverse intersystem-crossing rate and delayed-emission lifetime are different quantities. Coupled population losses and multiple pathways prevent assigning k_RISC = 1/τ_delayed without a validated model.
- J90 (roll-off marker)
- Current density where the reported EQE reaches 90% of an explicitly stated reference EQE. The choice of peak or low-drive reference, interpolation and measurement conditions must be specified.
- LT95 (operational stability)
- Time to 95% of a stated starting luminance under declared drive, initial brightness, temperature and test conditions; not a chemistry-only intrinsic lifetime.
- Direct MR-TADF vs sensitized hyperfluorescence
- A direct MR-TADF emitter produces the relevant emission in its own pathway. Hyperfluorescence is a multicomponent device strategy in which sensitizer-to-terminal energy transfer competes with loss routes; do not compare architectures as if equivalent.
Public source-verification status
Each guide discloses its own references, experimental contexts and known limitations. The summary below intentionally does not reproduce private audit files or inaccessible supplementary documents. Publication authorization does not convert an incomplete source audit into a complete one.
| Phase | Guide | Outstanding evidence boundary |
|---|---|---|
| 2A.1 | OLED architecture | Selected historical original full texts remain unverified. Mechanism diagrams and factor accounting have stated assumptions. |
| 2A.2 | Fluorescence & phosphorescence | Selected original sources and supplementary information remain uninspected. Rate-model fitting and complete-device measurements are not interchangeable. |
| 2A.3 | TADF | Part of the primary-study supplementary evidence and some device details were not independently verified. Delayed lifetime must not be treated as the inverse of a unique RISC rate. |
| 2A.4 | MR-TADF | A source-internal numerical discrepancy is preserved rather than resolved by selecting a preferred maximum. Spectral definitions and device stacks must be compared conditionally. |
| 2A.5 | Hyperfluorescence | Some quoted energy-transfer rates are model-derived rather than direct observations. Full device-stack and lifetime-protocol audits remain incomplete where stated. |
| 2A.6 | Efficiency & characterization | Raw measurement logs, some source supplements and full licensed standards were not independently audited. Measurement calibration and angular collection matter for comparison. |
Source policy: Do not quote missing original text as verified; do not silently choose a preferred value in a source discrepancy; distinguish experimentally measured, fitted, simulated and inferred quantities. Detailed audits are held in the project evidence record and are not published on this page.
Before comparing OLED results
- Match the object and boundary: isolated molecule, neat/doped film, single-unit OLED or tandem stack.
- State excitation route, spectrum (PL/EL), wavelength/energy units, drive point, temperature and measurement geometry.
- For EQE/roll-off or lifetime comparisons, declare electrical conditions, optical collection, J90/LT95 conventions and whether measurements share the same device stack.
- Track whether each number was directly measured, fit to a model, inferred or not accessible in the original source.